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Standard grammar of Hindi and Urdu but was free of the more unusual words taken The sort of Hindustani espoused by Gandhi employed the To bring about a compromise between supporters of Hindi and advocates of Urdu Gandhi and others backed Hindustani for the national language in an attempt In the two or three decades before Indian independence, M.K. Since this Hindustani lingua franca served and still serves as a trade and bazar language through which speakers of mutually unintelligible languages can carry on the transactions of ordinary life, it has developed a simplified grammar that can strike speakers of Hindi or Urdu as quaint or even barbarous. In the 18th and 19th centuries the name "Hindustani" - which means the language of Hindustan - was current, especially among Europeans, to designate the non-literary form of Hindi which had for centuries been used as a lingua franca throughout northern and central India. In India it is recognised in the Constitution as a major language and is one of the state languages of Jammu and Kashmir. Urdu, with a proud and flourishing literary tradition of its own, is today the official language of the Republic of Pakistan. Although Urdu and Hindi are grammatically identical, the differences in vocabulary may make it difficult for a linguistically unsophisticated speaker of Urdu to understand elegant and flowery Hindi and vice versa. When it is used with a large number of words and phrases borrowed from Persian and Arabic and is written in a modified form of the Arabic script, it is known as Urdu Sometimes it is called Khariboli after its parent dialect. Hindi is not the only name used to designate this standard language. Today, in addition to being the language used for the official business of the central government of India, Hindi is also the medium through which government is carried on in six of the Indian states - Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar - and in the Union Territory of Delhi. Standard Hindi, which is always written in the native Indian Devanagari script, has developed out of a Western Hindi dialect called Khariboli which is spoken in the Delhi area. Nowadays, all are replaced for use in writing and in spokenĬommunication beyond the domestic and village level by standard Hindi, i.e. Most of them have never been more than unwritten vernaculars limited to ruralĪnd household use. Important for the history of Hindi literature and will be referred to later, While a few of these local dialects have been The dialects of these five groups stem from very similar earlier forms of speech From the point of view of historical linguistics, Location from west to east and north to south, are: Pahari, Western Hindi, Rajasthani,Įastern Hindi and Bihari. Is generally divided into five groups these groups, in order of geographical
In the first sense the word Hindi denotes a cluster of dialects which Of a particular standard speech developed out of one of the dialects of theĬluster. Hindi may be used either as the name of a cluster of dialects or as the name Of the exact meaning of the term "Hindi" provides a good point from which toĪs is also true of the terms "English" and "German", the word Name of the language has been a subject of argument and contention, the clarification Many misconceptions and much confusion about Hindi to arise. Pre-eminence of the English language throughout that period, has left room for To the political eclipse which India underwent while under foreign dominationĭuring the two centuries prior to 1947 and to the concurrent economic and cultural This peculiar paradox, which is largely due Hindi and its literature have until very recently remained relatively little One of the world's ten leading languages. Mother tongue of some 300 million people with an unbroken literary history ofĪt least 900 years, Hindi is in terms of politics, population and cultural tradition Hindi and Urdu Grammars and DictionariesĪs the official language of the Republic of India and as the.Hindi and Urdu Literature : the Modern Period.Hindi and Urdu Literature : the 17 th and 18 th.The Linguistic Situation in Ancient India.
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